Sodium ion (Na+) batteries – a comprehensive review

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the abundant availability and low cost of sodium. Recent advances in SIB technology have focused on enhancing the performance, safety, and cost-effectiveness of these batteries. Significant progress has been made in the development of high-capacity anode and cathode materials, including hard carbon, sodium titanium phosphate, layered transition metal oxides, and polyanionic compounds. Innovations in electrolyte composition and the design of advanced binders and separators have further improved the stability and efficiency of SIBs. Efforts to understand and mitigate the challenges associated with the larger ionic radius of sodium compared to lithium have led to better cycle life and higher energy densities. Additionally, research into solid-state electrolytes and novel cell architectures is pushing the boundaries of SIB performance. Despite these advancements, challenges such as lower energy density and shorter cycle life compared to LIBs remain. Nevertheless, ongoing research and development are expected to address these issues, positioning SIBs as a viable option for large-scale energy storage applications, including grid storage and electric vehicles. This review highlights the recent progress in SIB technology and discusses the future directions and potential of SIBs in the energy storage landscape.