Green synthesis of Magnesium Oxide nanoparticles using Gmelina arborea leaf extract: antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiangiogenic potentials

Abstract

This study focuses on the green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Gmelina arborea (G. arborea). The NPs were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. The UV-visible (UV-vis) absorption peak at 298 nm, Fourier transform infrared analysis confirms the chemical composition and molecule or ligand on the surface of NPs, and X-ray diffraction peaks show well crystalline nature of MgO NPs. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis displayed an average particle size of 67 ± 10 nm, and the zeta potential (ZP) was found to be -36 ± 5 mV scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses exhibit spherical morphology of NPs. The presence of C, O, and Mg elements confirmed by the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Thermal behaviour of NPs exhibits multistage decomposition which is analysed by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and exothermic process done by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).  The NPs showed notable antibacterial activity against human bacterial pathogens. The synthesized MgO NPs demonstrated strong antioxidant (> 75%) activity with IC₅₀ value 96.8 μg/mL compared to leaf extract. Furthermore, MgO NPs shows anti-angiogenic properties in dose dependent manner. The study emphasizes the potential of G. arborea as a plant source for green synthesis and biomedical applications.