Natural products in novel drug design and development: A brief review of innovation procedures and approaches

Abstract

Drug design is a key aspect of drug discovery, involving the identification, selection, and optimization of drug candidates based on molecular structure and interactions. Drugs originate from various sources, including plants, animals, minerals, microbes, and synthetic or biotechnological processes. Among these, plants are the most significant, with nearly 90% of drugs being derived from different plant parts. These plant-derived compounds, known as phytochemicals, have proven highly effective in pharmaceutical development. Drug development is a complex and lengthy process that typically begins with preclinical research in laboratory and animal models, progresses through human clinical trials, and concludes with regulatory approval before a drug reaches the market. The entire process can take over a decade and is associated with high costs, long timelines, and high failure rates. Despite these challenges, new technologies - such as artificial intelligence - are being adopted to accelerate and improve drug development efficiency. Many successful drugs have originated from natural products, with modern pharmaceutical research now using advanced tools like molecular modeling to identify and design effective treatments. This was particularly evident in the repurposing of medications during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pharmacy plays a vital role in the healthcare system by ensuring access to medications, managing treatments, and promoting public health. With ongoing scientific advancements and interdisciplinary collaboration, natural products are expected to continue serving as a crucial source of new, innovative therapies in the future.