Updated insights on clinical diagnosis and targeted therapy of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML): A molecular approach

Abstract

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is the most common acute leukaemia in adults, with around 20,000 annual diagnoses in developing countries. Its pathogenesis involves genetic mutations, such as NPM1, CEBPA, and FLT3-ITD, alongside chromosomal translocations that lead to the proliferation of poorly differentiated myeloid cells. While AML is a primary concern, it is essential to consider other leukaemia types and associated risk factors. Prognosis in AML varies among patients with similar cytogenetic profiles, categorized as favorable, intermediate, or adverse. Standard treatments include chemotherapy regimens, such as anthracycline and cytarabine, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Recent research highlights the significance of mutations in signal transduction pathways and transcription factors in myeloid differentiation. Continued exploration of these genetic factors will enhance our understanding of AML and improve treatment outcomes, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to patient management. Finally, AML genetic research and clinical consequences may improve treatment regimens and patient outcomes.